| Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. |
"Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the substance, are composed of protons, electrons, and neutrons. |
| Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge. |
"Protons have a positive charge, and electrons hve a negative charge that cancels out the positive charge of the protons. |
| Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge. |
Neutrons are particles similar to protons but carry a neutral charge. |
| There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other. |
"There is no difference between positive and negative charges except that particles with similar charges repel each other, while particles with opposite charges attract each other. |
| If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom. |
If a positively charged proton and a negatively charged electron are brought close together, they will combine to form a hydrogen atom. |
| This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases. |
This repulsive force (the force between charged particles) is known as the electrostatic force. It theoretically extends to infinity but diminishes as the distance betwn the particles increases. |
| When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge. |
When an atom is missing one or more electrons, it becomes positively charged. When it has at least one additional electron, it becomes negatively charged. |
| Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion. |
"The presence of a positive or negative charge turns the atom into an ion. |
| Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. |
gain and lose protons and neutrons only through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. |
| Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract. |
"Although atoms are composed of many particles, and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract each other. |
| In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus. |
"In an atom, protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.
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| This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier). |
"This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons that orbit it at a distance but are held close to the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force we discussed earlier).
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| The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom. |
"The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells/bands, where the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.
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| The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy. |
"The outer conduction bands do not contain any electrons except for those that have been accelerated into the conduction bands by gaining energy. |
| With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket). |
"With enough energy, an electron can escape from the atom (similar to the escape velocity of a spacecraft).
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| When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted. |
"When an electron in the conduction band slows down and falls into another conduction band or the valence band, a photon is emitted.
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| This is known as the photoelectric effect. |
"This is known as the photoelectric effect. |
