| Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. |
原子是保持物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子构成。 |
| Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge. |
质子带正电荷，电子带负电荷，可以抵消质子的正电荷。 |
| Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge. |
中子是与质子类似的粒子，但具有中性电荷。 |
| There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other. |
正电荷和负电荷之间除了同性电荷相互排斥、异性电荷相互吸引外，没有其他区别。 |
| If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom. |
如果将一个孤立的正质子和负电子放在彼此附近，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。 |
| This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases. |
这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上可延伸至无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。 |
| When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge. |
当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；当一个原子多出至少一个电子时，它会带有负电荷。 |
| Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion. |
带有正电荷或负电荷的原子称为离子。 |
| Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. |
原子只有通过聚变、裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。 |
| Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract. |
虽然原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子组成，但它们在相互排斥和吸引的方式上与带电粒子类似。 |
| In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus. |
在原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。 |
| This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier). |
这个原子核被大量的电子云所包围，电子在一定距离上围绕它旋转，但通过电磁吸引力（之前讨论的静电力）被保持在靠近质子的地方。 |
| The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom. |
电子云以一系列重叠的壳层或能带形式存在，其中内层的价带充满了电子，并与原子紧密结合。 |
| The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy. |
外层的导带不含电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。 |
| With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket). |
当获得足够的能量时，电子会逃离原子（可与太空火箭的逃逸速度相比）。 |
| When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted. |
当导带中的电子减速并降落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。 |
| This is known as the photoelectric effect. |
这被称为光电效应。 |
