| Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. |
Atoms, ƙananan ƙwayoyin abu waɗanda ke riƙe da duk halayen abu, an yi su ne daga protons, electrons, da neutrons. |
| Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge. |
Protons suna da caji mai kyau (positive charge), yayin da electrons suke da caji mara kyau (negative charge) wanda ke soke cajin proton. |
| Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge. |
Protons suna da caji mai kyau (positive charge), yayin da electrons suke da caji mara kyau (negative charge) wanda ke soke cajin proton. |
| There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other. |
Babu bambanci tsakanin cajin positive da negative sai dai cewa ƙwayoyin da suke da caji iri ɗaya suna janyewa, yayin da ƙwayoyin da suke da caji daban suke jan juna. |
| If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom. |
Idan aka sanya proton ɗaya mai caji mai kyau da electron ɗaya mai caji mara kyau kusa da juna, za su haɗu su samar da atom ɗin hydrogen. |
| This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases. |
Wannan janyewa da jan juna (ƙarfi tsakanin ƙwayoyin da suke da caji kuma ba sa motsi) ana kiran sa Electrostatic Force, kuma yana iya ɗaukar nesa har abada, amma yana raguwa yayin da nesa tsakanin ƙwayoyin ke ƙaruwa. |
| When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge. |
Idan atom ɗin ya rasa electron ɗaya ko fiye, zai kasance da caji mai kyau, yayin da idan atom ɗin ya sami electron ɗaya ko fiye, zai kasance da caji mara kyau. |
| Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion. |
Samun caji mai kyau ko mara kyau yana sanya atom ɗin ya zama ion. |
| Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. |
Atoms suna samun da rasa protons da neutrons ne kawai ta hanyar fusion, fission, da radioactive decay. |
| Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract. |
Ko da yake atoms sun ƙunshi ƙwayoyi da yawa, kuma abubuwa sun ƙunshi atoms da yawa, suna ɗabi’a kamar ƙwayoyin da ke da caji wajen jan juna da janyewa. |
| In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus. |
A cikin atom ɗin, protons da neutrons suna haɗuwa don samar da nucleus mai ƙarfi sosai. |
| This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier). |
Wannan tsakiya yana kewaye da wani babban girgije na electrons da ke kewaye da shi a nesa amma yana riƙe kusa da protons ta hanyar jan hankalin electromagnetic (ƙarfin electrostatic da aka tattauna a baya). |
| The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom. |
Gajimaren yana wanzu a matsayin jerin shells/bands da suka mamaye juna, inda valence bands na ciki suka cika da electrons kuma suna da haɗin kai sosai da atom ɗin. |
| The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy. |
Outer conduction bands ba su da electrons sai waɗanda suka samu kuzari suka tashi zuwa conduction bands. |
| With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket). |
Idan electron ya samu kuzari isasshe, zai iya tserewa daga atom (kamar yadda rokitan sararin samaniya ke buƙatar sauri don tserewa). |
| When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted. |
Lokacin da electron a cikin conduction band ya rage sauri ya sauka zuwa wani conduction band ko valence band, photon yana fitowa. |
| This is known as the photoelectric effect. |
Wannan ana kiran sa photoelectric effect. |
