| A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed disk is a data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. |
Kiendeshi cha diski ngumu (HDD), diski kuu, diski kuu au diski fasta ni kifaa cha kuhifadhi data kinachotumia hifadhi ya sumaku kuhifadhi na kurejesha taarifa za kidijitali kwa kutumia diski moja au zaidi ngumu zinazozunguka kwa kasi (sahani) zilizopakwa nyenzo za sumaku. |
| The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces. |
Sahani zimeunganishwa na vichwa vya sumaku, kwa kawaida hupangwa kwenye mkono wa actuator unaosonga, ambao husoma na kuandika data kwenye nyuso za sinia. |
| Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order and not only sequentially. |
Data inafikiwa kwa njia ya ufikiaji nasibu, kumaanisha kuwa data mahususi zinaweza kuhifadhiwa au kurejeshwa kwa mpangilio wowote na sio tu kwa mfuatano. |
| HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage, retaining stored data even when powered off. |
HDD ni aina ya hifadhi isiyo tete, inayohifadhi data iliyohifadhiwa hata ikiwa imezimwa. |
| Introduced by IBM in 1956, HDDs became the dominant secondary storage device for general-purpose computers by the early 1960s. |
Ilianzishwa na IBM mnamo 1956, HDD zikawa kifaa kikuu cha uhifadhi wa sekondari kwa kompyuta za kusudi la jumla mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1960. |
| Continuously improved, HDDs have maintained this position into the modern era of servers and personal computers. |
Kuendelea kuboreshwa, HDD zimedumisha nafasi hii katika enzi ya kisasa ya seva na kompyuta za kibinafsi. |
| More than 200 companies have produced HDDs historically, though after extensive industry consolidation most current units are manufactured by Seagate, Toshiba, and Western Digital. |
Zaidi ya makampuni 200 yametoa HDD kihistoria, ingawa baada ya uimarishaji mkubwa wa tasnia vitengo vingi vya sasa vinatengenezwa na Seagate, Toshiba, na Western Digital. |
| HDD unit shipments and sales revenues are declining, though production (exabytes per year) is growing. |
Usafirishaji wa vitengo vya HDD na mapato ya mauzo yanapungua, ingawa uzalishaji (exabytes kwa mwaka) unakua. |
| Flash memory has a growing share of the market for secondary storage, in the form of solid-state drives (SSDs). |
Kumbukumbu ya Flash ina sehemu inayokua ya soko la uhifadhi wa sekondari, katika mfumo wa anatoa za hali ngumu (SSDs). |
| SSDs have higher data-transfer rates, higher areal storage density, better reliability, and much lower latency and access times. |
SSD zina viwango vya juu vya uhamishaji data, msongamano wa juu wa uhifadhi wa eneo, kutegemewa bora, na muda wa chini sana wa kusubiri na ufikiaji. |
| Though SSDs have higher cost per bit, they are replacing HDDs where speed, power consumption, small size, and durability are important. |
Ingawa SSD zina gharama ya juu kwa biti, zinachukua nafasi ya HDD ambapo kasi, matumizi ya nishati, saizi ndogo na uimara ni muhimu. |
| The primary characteristics of an HDD are its capacity and performance. |
Sifa kuu za HDD ni uwezo na utendaji wake. |
| Capacity is specified in unit prefixes corresponding to powers of 1000: a 1-terabyte (TB) drive has a capacity of 1,000 gigabytes (GB; where 1 gigabyte = 1 billion bytes). |
Uwezo umebainishwa katika viambishi awali vya kitengo sambamba na mamlaka ya 1000: kiendeshi cha terabaiti 1 (TB) kina uwezo wa gigabaiti 1,000 (GB; ambapo gigabyte 1 = baiti bilioni 1). |
| Typically, some of an HDD's capacity is unavailable to the user because it is used by the file system and the computer operating system, and possibly inbuilt redundancy for error correction and recovery. |
Kwa kawaida, baadhi ya uwezo wa HDD haupatikani kwa mtumiaji kwa sababu inatumiwa na mfumo wa faili na mfumo wa uendeshaji wa kompyuta, na ikiwezekana uwekaji upyaji wa ziada kwa ajili ya kurekebisha makosa na kurejesha. |
| Performance is specified by the time required to move the heads to a track or cylinder (average access time) plus the time it takes for the desired sector to move under the head (average latency, which is a function of the physical rotational speed in revolutions per minute), and finally the speed at which the data is transmitted (data rate). |
Utendaji hubainishwa na muda unaohitajika kusogeza vichwa kwenye wimbo au silinda (wastani wa muda wa kufikia) pamoja na muda unaochukua kwa sekta inayotakiwa kusonga chini ya kichwa (wastani wa latency, ambayo ni kazi ya kasi ya mzunguko wa kimwili katika mapinduzi kwa dakika), na hatimaye kasi ambayo data hupitishwa (kiwango cha data). |
| The two most common form factors for modern HDDs are 3.5-inch, for desktop computers, and 2.5-inch, primarily for laptops. |
Sababu mbili za kawaida za HDD za kisasa ni inchi 3.5, kwa kompyuta za mezani, na inchi 2.5, haswa kwa kompyuta ndogo. |
| HDDs are connected to systems by standard interface cables such as PATA (Parallel ATA), SATA (Serial ATA), USB or SAS (Serial attached SCSI) cables. |
HDD zimeunganishwa kwenye mifumo kwa kutumia nyaya za kiolesura cha kawaida kama vile nyaya za PATA (Sambamba ATA), SATA (Serial ATA), USB au SAS (Serial attached SCSI cables). |
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