| Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. |
原子是物质的最小粒子,保留物质的属性,由质子,电子,中子构成。 |
| Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge. |
每个质子带一个单位正电荷，一个电子带一个单位负电荷，可以将质子的正电荷抵消。 |
| Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge. |
中子是类似于质子的粒子,但是带中性电荷。 |
| There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other. |
正电荷和负电荷本身没有不同，但是带相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，带不同电荷的粒子相互吸引。 |
| If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom. |
如果一个单独的正电荷质子和负电荷电子的位置很近，则会一起组成一个氢原子。 |
| This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases. |
这种排斥力和吸引力(静止带电粒子间的力量)被称为静电力，理论上可以延伸至无穷,但随着粒子之间的距离增加，静电力则会减弱。 |
| When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge. |
一个原子失去一个或多个电子时，带正电荷；而获得一个或多个额外的电子时，则带负电荷。 |
| Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion. |
原子如果有一个正电荷或有一个负电荷就变成了离子。 |
| Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. |
原子通过融合、裂变和辐射衰变只能得到或失去质子和中子。 |
| Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract. |
虽然原子由很多粒子组成，物体由很多原子组成,在带电粒子的排斥和吸引方面，两者有很多相类似的地方。 |
| In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus. |
在原子中，质子和中子紧密结合为原子核。 |
| This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier). |
原子核周围是由一个巨大的云电子在一定的距离环绕，但是由电磁引力（也就是前面讨论的静电力）维持附近的质子。 |
| The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom. |
云作为一系列重叠的壳/带状物存在，其内部的带状物充满了电子，和原子结合紧密。 |
| The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy. |
除了那些通过获得能量加速传导带的电子，外导带不包含电子。 |
| With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket). |
如果能量充足，一个电子可以从原子中逃离(与太空火箭的逃逸速度相比较)。 |
| When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted. |
当传导带的一个电子减速,并落在另一个导带或价带，则就是发射了一个光子。 |
| This is known as the photoelectric effect. |
这就是光电效应、 |
