| Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. |
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| Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge. |
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| Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge. |
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| There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other. |
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| If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom. |
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| This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases. |
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| When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge. |
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| Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion. |
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| Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. |
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| Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract. |
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| In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus. |
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| This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier). |
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| The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom. |
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| The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy. |
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| With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket). |
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| When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted. |
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| This is known as the photoelectric effect. |
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