Perfil do Tradutor: MAHDI MOHAMED (mahdirn)

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I am a dedicated registered nurse with a strong background in healthcare. I excel in medical translation, ensuring clear communication between patients and other healthcare providers in both Somali and English.

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Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.
Prior to the 20th century drugs were generally produced by small scale manufacturers with little regulatory control over manufacturing or claims of safety and efficacy.	Ka hor qarnigii 20-naad, daroogooyinka waxaa guud ahaan soo saaray warshado yaryar oo leh xakameyn yar oo ku saabsan wax soo saarka ama sheegashada badbaadada iyo waxtarka.
To the extent that such laws did exist, enforcement was lax.	Ilaa xad sharciyada noocas ahi jiraan, dhaqangelintu waxay ahayd habacsanaan.
In the United States, increased regulation of vaccines and other biological drugs was spurred by tetanus outbreaks and deaths caused by the distribution of contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin.	Dalka maraykanka, kordhinta xakamaynta tallaalada iyo dawooyinka kale ee bayooloji waxaa kiciyay teetanada oo dillaacday iyo dhimasho ay sababtay qaybinta tallaalka furuqa wasakhaysan iyo gawracatada sunta ah
The Biologics Control Act of 1902 required that federal government grant premarket approval for every biological drug and for the process and facility producing such drugs.	Xeerka Xakamaynta Bayolojiga ee 1902 wuxuu u baahday in dawladda federaalku ay siiso ogolaanshaha suuqa ka hor ee dawo kasta oo bayooloji ah iyo habka iyo xarunta soo saarista dawooyinkaas.
This was followed in 1906 by the Pure Food and Drugs Act, which forbade the interstate distribution of adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs.	Tan waxa raacay 1906dii Xeerka Cunnada iyo Dawooyinka saafiga ah, kaas oo mamnuucaya qaybinta gobolada dhexe ee cuntooyinka iyo daroogooyinka si xun loo siiyay ama si khaldan loo calaamadeeyay.
A drug was considered misbranded if it contained alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, or any of several other potentially dangerous or addictive drugs, and if its label failed to indicate the quantity or proportion of such drugs.	Daroogada waxaa loo tixgaliyay in si khaldan loo calaamadiyay haddii ay ku jirto aalkolo, morphine, opium, kokain, ama mid ka mid ah dhowr ka mid ah daroogooyinka kale ee khatarta ah ama la qabatimo, iyo haddii calaamadeeda ay ku guuldareysato inay muujiso tirada ama saamiga daawooyinkan.
The government's attempts to use the law to prosecute manufacturers for making unsupported claims of efficacy were undercut by a Supreme Court ruling restricting the federal government's enforcement powers to cases of incorrect specification of the drug's ingredients.	Isku dayga dowladda ee ah in ay isticmaasho sharciga si ay ugu dacweyso soosaarayaasha samaynta sheegashooyinka waxtarka leh ee aan la taageerin ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay go'aanka Maxkamadda Sare ee xaddidaya awoodaha fulinta ee dowladda federaalka kiisaska sifeynta khaldan ee maaddooyinka daroogada.
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee.	Sannadkii 1937-kii in ka badan 100 qof ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay cuneen "Elixir Sulfanilamide" oo ay soo saartay S.E. Shirkadda Massengill ee Tennessee.
The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze.	Alaabta waxaa lagu sameeyay diethylene glycol, dareere aad u sun ah oo hadda si ballaaran loo isticmaalo sidii barafka ka hortagga.
Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol.	Sida ku cad sharciyada jira wakhtigaas, dacwad-qaadista soo-saaraha ayaa suurtagal ah oo kaliya marka la eego farsamada in alaabta loo yaqaan "elixir", taas oo macnaheedu yahay xal ethanol/khamri ah.
In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.	Iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdadan, Kongareeska Mareykanka wuxuu meel mariyay Sharciga Cunnada, Dawooyinka, iyo Isqurxinta Federaalka ee 1938, kaas oo markii ugu horreysay u baahday muujinta amniga kahor suuqa kahor inta aan dawada la iibin, oo si cad u mamnuucday sheegashooyinka daaweynta beenta ah.

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2023 BSc (Hons) em kenya Medical Training College

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