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Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。
Atoms, the smallest particles of matter that retain the properties of the matter, are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.	原子是保留物质特性的最小粒子，由质子、电子和中子组成。
Protons have a positive charge, Electrons have a negative charge that cancels the proton's positive charge.	质子带有正电荷，电子带有负电荷，电子的负电荷可以抵消质子的正电荷。
Neutrons are particles that are similar to a proton but have a neutral charge.	中子是与质子相似的粒子，但它们具有中性电荷。
There are no differences between positive and negative charges except that particles with the same charge repel each other and particles with opposite charges attract each other.	正电荷和负电荷之间没有区别，唯一的不同是相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而相反电荷的粒子相互吸引。
If a solitary positive proton and negative electron are placed near each other they will come together to form a hydrogen atom.	如果将一个孤立的正电荷质子和负电荷电子放在一起，它们会结合形成一个氢原子。
This repulsion and attraction (force between stationary charged particles) is known as the Electrostatic Force and extends theoretically to infinity, but is diluted as the distance between particles increases.	这种排斥和吸引（静止带电粒子之间的力）被称为静电力，理论上它可以延伸到无限远，但随着粒子间距离的增加而减弱。
When an atom has one or more missing electrons it is left with a positive charge, and when an atom has at least one extra electron it has a negative charge.	当一个原子缺少一个或多个电子时，它会带有正电荷；而当一个原子拥有至少一个额外的电子时，它会带有负电荷。
Having a positive or a negative charge makes an atom an ion.	带有正电荷或负电荷的原子被称为离子。
Atoms only gain and lose protons and neutrons through fusion, fission, and radioactive decay.	原子只有通过核聚变、核裂变和放射性衰变才能获得或失去质子和中子。
Although atoms are made of many particles and objects are made of many atoms, they behave similarly to charged particles in terms of how they repel and attract.	尽管原子由许多粒子组成，物体由许多原子构成，但在排斥和吸引的方式上，它们的行为类似于带电粒子。
In an atom the protons and neutrons combine to form a tightly bound nucleus.	在一个原子中，质子和中子结合形成一个紧密结合的原子核。
This nucleus is surrounded by a vast cloud of electrons circling it at a distance but held near the protons by electromagnetic attraction (the electrostatic force discussed earlier).	这个原子核被大量环绕其运行的电子云包围，虽然这些电子距离原子核较远，但通过电磁吸引力（即前面提到的静电力）被维持在靠近质子的地方。
The cloud exists as a series of overlapping shells / bands in which the inner valence bands are filled with electrons and are tightly bound to the atom.	这些电子云以一系列重叠的壳层/带的形式存在，其中内层价带充满了电子并且与原子紧密结合。
The outer conduction bands contain no electrons except those that have accelerated to the conduction bands by gaining energy.	外层导带中没有电子，除非有电子通过获得能量加速到导带中。
With enough energy an electron will escape an atom (compare with the escape velocity of a space rocket).	当电子获得足够的能量时，它会逃离原子（类似于太空火箭的逃逸速度）。
When an electron in the conduction band decelerates and falls to another conduction band or the valence band a photon is emitted.	当导带中的电子减速并落到另一个导带或价带时，会发射出一个光子。
This is known as the photoelectric effect.	这被称为光电效应。

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Principais Áreas de Especialização

Meu Trabalho

China

Indisponível Hoje

November 2025

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Traduziu 425 unidades de tradução
na(s) áreas de engineering (electrical), electronics and electrical engineering

Tradutores Semelhantes

Hubert Chang

Chenggang Chen

Min Xuanping

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Olá, o meu nome é Calvin

Chinese English Japanese

Sobre Mim

Principais Áreas de Especialização

Meu Trabalho

China

Indisponível Hoje

November 2025

Atividades Recentes

Traduziu 425 unidades de tradução na(s) áreas de engineering (electrical), electronics and electrical engineering

Tradutores Semelhantes

Hubert Chang

Chenggang Chen

Min Xuanping

Olá, o meu nome é
Calvin

Traduziu 425 unidades de tradução
na(s) áreas de engineering (electrical), electronics and electrical engineering

Sun.	Mon.	Tues.	Wed.	Thurs.	Fri.	Sat.
26	27	28	29	30	31	1
2	3	4	5	6	7	8
9	10	11	12	13	14	15
16	17	18	19	20	21	22
23	24	25	26	27	28	29
30	1	2	3	4	5	6